Film Noir The Maltese falcon Essay - 966 Words

Film Noir was extremely trendy during the 1940’s. People were captivated by the way it expresses a mood of disillusionment and indistinctness between good and evil. Film Noir have key elements; crime, mystery, an anti-hero, femme fatale, and chiaroscuro lighting and camera angles. The Maltese Falcon is an example of film noir because of the usage of camera angles, lighting and ominous settings, as well as sinister characters as Samuel Spade, the anti-hero on a quest for meaning, who encounters the death of his partner but does not show any signs of remorse but instead for his greed for riches. All throughout The Maltese Falcon the camera angles change with the character. Camera angles and lighting affected the mood of the scene; scenes in†¦show more content†¦There were only a few inhabitants on the sidewalks at one point in time; creating a deserted and mystifying scene; when characters walked on the rain-slicked ground, their footsteps could be hear echoing through the vacant city. When the characters were not outside they were in shabby and dimly lit apartments and hotel rooms. Spade spent the majority of his time in hotel rooms and apartments gathering his information about the Maltese Falcon, by visiting the people who knew anything about the falcon. The eerie settings added to the mystery of where the falcon could be. The Maltese Falcon contained many different types of characters. Spade was a protagonist. While on the other hand Kasper Gutman, Joel Cairo, and Wilmer were antagonists and Brigid O’Shaughnessy was a femme fatale. Each of the characters portrays characteristics of Film Noir. Spade is known as an anti-hero, â€Å"a protagonist who lacks the attributes that make a heroic figure, as nobility of mind and spirit, a life or attitude marked by action or purpose.† (dictionary.com) Spade plays by his own rules and is tough and a bit radical, he doesnt seem to be upset that his partner is dead. But instead tells his secretary to remove his name from the window and put Samuel Spade, instead of Spade and Archer. A hero would not do remove the name because brings suspicionShow MoreRelatedMaltese Falcon as a Film Noir Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesMaltese Falcon as a Film Noir Film Noir is a French word which means: dark or black film. This is very fitting as Film Noir and the Maltese falcon are stories of dark deceptive people who often cannot be trusted. Film Noir is a good example of this as the story is about a detective called Sam Spade who gets dragged into the quest for the Maltese Falcon with a compulsive liar Kasper Gutman. The Maltese Falcon is a large bird made of solid gold worth millions. The mainRead MoreElements of Film Noir between the Movies Maltese Falcon, Chinatown, and L.A. Confidential572 Words   |  2 Pageselements of Film Noir between the movies Maltese Falcon, Chinatown, and L.A. Confidential. This will also discuss if Chinatown and L.A. Confidential remain true to the classical form or if they are in the baroque level of genre. This essay will also identify these discussions using examples for each film. Maltese Falcon could be explained more precisely as transitional films that mark limitations amongst true film noir and film that may have some elements or none noir. Maltese Falcon presents elementsRead MoreMaltese Falcon, L.A. Confidetial, and Chinatown940 Words   |  4 PagesMaltese Falcon, L.A. Confidential, and Chinatown are all considered a classic for noir films. Even though these films are not actually black film they are a Hollywood crime drama. Not all of them are in the Hollywoods classical film noir period from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. The Maltese Falcon is more like a classical noir film than the other two movies. Maltese falcon has all the traits a noir film should have. Like fatalism, the femme fatale, the male protagonists, shadows, gloomy,Read MoreThe Maltese Falcon Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesTheater 120C: Final Paper In The Maltese Falcon (1941), Humphrey Bogart plays Sam Spade, a private eye detective who is lured into the chase for a bird statue by a mysterious and deceitful woman named Ruth. His objectives are to find the Maltese Falcon, and discover the murderer of two crimes: the death of his former partner, Miles Archer, and another man named Thursby. He also wishes to prove his innocence for the murder of his partner because the police have him as the prime suspect. Sam approachesRead MorePaint It Black: The Evolution of Film Noir Essay examples1578 Words   |  7 Pagescan consider this an example of a classic film noir ending. Film noir is a term used in cinema to describe a visually styled crime drama. Where did it come from? What are the key elements in a film noir? Why did this kind of cinema emerge when it did? What affect did it have in the film world? And finally, where is film noir now? The term film noir means, â€Å"black film† and was originally coined by French critic Nino Frank in 1946.. The author of â€Å"Film Noir†, Bruce Crowther, points out that â€Å"in someRead MoreEssay on The Hays Code in Film Noir2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Hays Code in Film Noir The Motion Picture Production Code, commonly known as the Hays Code, was adopted in March 1930, though it was not truly enforced until four years later in 1934. This set of rules had tremendously influenced the way Hollywood movies were made for a number of years. This code was based on the ethics and norms if that time. There were three main principals of the Hays Code. The first was no picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standard of those who see itRead MoreEssay about Film Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema1365 Words   |  6 PagesFilm Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema High heels click on wet pavement, shady detectives stand in the shadows, shots ring out through the cold, dark city night-just another moment in film noir. These seedy, almost underground films are considered to be some of the best and most influential pictures in the history of Hollywood by anyones standards, most certainly some of the darkest. Even though the glory days of film noir have long passed and given way to big budget productions, their influenceRead MoreL.a Confidential Film Noir Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key Conventions Of Film Noir In L.A Confidential L.A Confidential (Curtis Hanson, 1997) is a neo-noir film about a shooting at an all night diner and the three Las Angeles policeman who investigate in their own unique ways. It is based on the book by James Ellroy and after a very well adapted screenplay, won nine academy awards. It starred actors with big names like Russell Crowe, Guy Pearce and Danny Devito, which made it a very high earning film. The Narrative or storyline is muchRead More`` No Country For Old Men `` By Cormac Mccarthy2255 Words   |  10 Pagessame name in 2007. The film adaptation represents both continuity within the film noir styles and also breaks away from them in relation to films such as â€Å"The Maltese Falcon,† â€Å"The Big Sleep† and â€Å"The Killers†. In the film there are multiple characters that are hard-boiled and each try to figure out â€Å"who did what† and â€Å"what happened† for their own individual reasons. This characterization and the actions done by the main characters are remnant of film noir styles. In film noir, the main character isRead MoreComparison of Noir and Neo Noir Themes in the Films Double Indemnity and Chinatown1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe attempt of this overview is to discuss the similarities, differences and influences of Noir Film and Neo Noir Film and analyzed how they have evolved taking Double Indemnity and Chinatown a nd as generic examples.To achieve this attempt, first of all. It is important to know what it is considered Noir Film, when it began and how this was developed into the Neo-Noir cinema. It is considered Noir Cinema those made between 1940 and almost 1960 in which very inner characteristics were the individual

The Advancement of Women and Minorities in the Workplace

The Advancement of Women and Minorities in the Workplace HR 491 Senior Seminar in Human Resources Development Park University Within any organization there is a chain of command. Someone always out ranks someone else. In today’s workplace, issue like discrimination, harassment, and racism, are subjects that we as employees don’t want to believe are happening, and more so, hope they never happen to us. Over the past couple of decades, America has come a long way to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity for progression. Unfortunately, for those of us who are not naive enough to believe that this is always true, issues like these do happen. The glass ceiling, for example, refers to a level within the managerial hierarchy†¦show more content†¦The Air Force recently experienced what was called Force Shaping. It was/is the release of numerous military members from active duty service was required to meet particular career field manning numbers so the Air Force came up with various programs to allow members to get out; i.e. Palace Chase, which allowed active duty members t o join various Reserve Units, Voluntary Separation Pay, which paid members of certain career fields (pilots, navigators) lump sums in exchange for the remainder of their time promised, and of course the Blue-to-Green program which allowed Air Force members to transition into the Army. Yuck! Now is the time to take advantage of the Force Shaping where those in high positions, or just in positions higher than myself, are retiring (which are mainly white males) and progress and attain those positions. Women and minorities need to study hard and test well to advance in high positions in the military, such as Command Chief Master Sergeants and even as Generals. Unfortunately, getting over the minorities issue is just one problem, for many men, the though of a woman being their superior is a dreadful thought. Researchers have long suspected that women employ a different leadership styles than men. And even though women make up only a small fraction of CEOs at the largest corporations i n the United States and beyond, their leadership style might actually be more effective than men’s, according to at leastShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Women s Rights948 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"By balancing the scales of equality, women and men will have an equal chance to contribute both at home and the workplace, thereby enhancing their individual well-being, and that of society† (About Workplace Gender Equality). Throughout history, women continuously progressed to reach this equality. This is evident with the Women’s Right Movement which pushed to break social and economic barriers. Women went from focusing on domestic responsibilities to working in places normally reserved for menRead MoreDiversity1392 Words   |  6 PagesCreating and Nurturing a Women Minority Friendly Workplace Workplace diversity is a complex issue and addressing it is necessary to have which a competitive advantage in today’s fast-growing economy. While women appear to thrive at entry-level positions, moving up the ladder is challenging. In fact, retaining women and minorities in the workplace has become increasingly harder for large companies, especially healthcare organizations. Despite the clear value of having a diverse workforce, likeRead MoreHow Social Changes Affect The Workforce Of Today916 Words   |  4 Pagesand procedures in the workplace. The way social procedures change is a part in this process as well. Evolution in the workplace is affected by several different factors. The factors that I have significant experience with are inequality, the group of women, minorities, and immigrants and the meaning and dignity in work. Over time all of these factors have evolved in some way. The evolution of these factors shape the workforce of today. Relationships exist across the workplace because work requiresRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace : How Minorities And Women Do Not Get The Same Job Opportunities At Career Growth1049 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity in the workplace has always been an interesting topic to explore. When studying the topic, one is able to see how minorities and women do not get the same job opportunities at career growth as non-minorities. The lack of diversity in the workplace can definitely keep a company from reaching its full potential. Our guest speaker Patrick McKay explored different topics dealing with diversity in the workplace that shed light on why trying to diversify the workplace occasionally fails. McKayRead More Glass Ceiling in Corporate America Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe two words â€Å"Glass Ceiling† are used to describe the barrier that exists for women and minorities-when it comes to getting promoted into the upper echelons of a company. Does the ceiling exist or is it a figment of the imagination? The writer intentions are to present a picture of that ceiling, and show how it plays a part in corporate America. That in fact the ceiling is an injustice being done to women and minorities, and it does exist. Glass is clear, something that can be seen through. A ceilingRead MoreBreaking the Glass Ceiling for Minority Women1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe Glass Ceiling for Minority Women Introduction: The Civil Rights era which persisted across the 1960s and 1970s would bring about extensive and explicit change. For both women and for ethnic minorities, the push for equal rights saw changes in the wording of our laws, our expected ethical norms in the way that we address discrimination as a society. From that juncture forward, we have been engaged in a collective effort as a society to undo the longstanding inequalities that persist in our cultureRead MoreThe Changing Composition Of Workforce And Values918 Words   |  4 PagesWorkforce Today’s workforce is composed by more minorities and different cultures than in the past. According to a report published by Career Builder, women, minorities and all workers over the age of 55 have seen their employment grow considerably since 2001(Brooks, 2015). These groups have different ideals and values and represent the advancement of our society. Diversity is valued and embraced in the work place. In the past, women, minorities and older workers would not have been given the opportunitiesRead MoreEffects Of Glass Ceiling On The Workplace978 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals would like to think that the promotional and also hiring processes in the workplace have become fair and also impartial. However, there still exist several impediments for few individuals. The glass ceiling is a subtle framework that most organizations and employers have utilized in legally discriminating particular groups of people. Although this action is not apparently several women and also minorities have encountered challenges in advancing to higher positions in their careers due toRead MoreHy Dairies Case1044 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieves she is being â€Å"sidelined† because the company did not want women or minorities in top level management positions. âž ¢ When: Within the next few days, before she is assigned to her new job. âž ¢ To Whom do they make recommendation: Syd Gilman Analysis A. Issues and Symptoms (cause and effects) OB issue: Potential sexist and racist practices Evidence: 1. At Beauport’s previous job she was told that women would not be able to handle a marketing management job. Read MoreTraining And Work Learning Policies And Practices1251 Words   |  6 PagesThey Limit Access to Employment for Women and Other Equity Seeking Groups There has been a recent growth in promotion for skills training for woman and other monitories, which seems to be contradictory when considering the significant decline of government sponsored training programs for women since the 1990’s. (Spencer B., Kelly J., 2013) Further barriers in work and learning are created by the process of exclusionary practices that successively eliminate women, people of colour, and other disadvantaged

The Killer Angels an Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg Free Essays

The Killer Angels: An Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg The Killer Angels written by Michael Shaara, is a historical fiction novel that describes in great detail the events that took place during the battle of Gettysburg. In the forward we are given an in depth view of each of the main characters and key figures of the battle. For instance, we are told that that General Robert Edward Lee is an honest man with no vices who does not believe in slavery, he is also suffering from heart trouble. We will write a custom essay sample on The Killer Angels: an Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg or any similar topic only for you Order Now He leads the confederate army. And then we have Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain who has a brother, Thomas, who serves in the Twentieth Maine as an aide to his brother. The story begins on June 29th, 1863 with the introduction of a spy for the Confederate army. He comes to General Longstreet with information about the whereabouts of the Union army, who to Longstreet’s surprise, are nearby. This causes the Confederate army to reposition at Gettysburg. The battle begins on July 1st when the Confederates attack some of the Union army in the hills nearby Gettysburg. General Lee believes that the Confederates should be able to win this battle and engages the union armies utilizing varying tactics, he attacks the Union army’s left and right flanks and then attempts to divide they’re central strength to win the battle that way. But this method fails, the Union Army gained the upper hand when during the first day of battle they retreated and secured most of the higher ground giving them a fatal advantage. The story mainly follows the Confederates and General Lee as the protagonist, and it tells us what went wrong for them during this battle. We are given a detailed depiction of war tactics used during this time, and how the Union Army was able to win the battle by taking a defensive position on the higher hills of Gettysburg. The fact that the Union Army had higher ground coincides with the weapons that were utilized by both armies. Because the key losses that occurred took place when Chamberlain’s men ran out of ammunition and were successful only by charging their enemy with bayonets and when Pickett’s men attempted to charge the center strength of the Union army, I would say that momentum and visibility were key factors in a battle with the weapons that were available to them. It is also apparent that Lee’s heart problems seem to be affecting his decision- making throughout the story. Perhaps he has become more foolhardy with his own mortality so tangible. The amount of death and losses that the Confederates suffer seem to echo the thoughts he has of himself. It becomes quite apparent that the Confederate army will fail after General Longstreet’s continual insistence that they should swing southeast towards Washington, D. C. and take a defensive position. If General Lee had heeded Longstreet’s advice, perhaps the Confederate Army could have won the Civil War. In conclusion, The Killer Angels is a book that uses great detail and epic dialogue to describe the events that took place at the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It gives us a closer look at the tactics and strategies utilized by our forefathers during that time period and not only allows us a glimpse of the personalities of some of the key leaders of the Civil War but shows us how these personalities influenced this battle. How to cite The Killer Angels: an Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg, Papers

Anne Boleyn Queen Consort of England 1533-36 free essay sample

Details the life of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England. This paper details the highlights of Anne Boleyns life and the impact that she had on England. Throughout the general history of England, the Legend of Anne Boleyn has endured years of introspection and critique, as well as praise and recognition. Anne Boleyns notorious marriage to King Henry VIII created the controversy that surrounded her last years of life in England. During her famed marriage to King Henry VII, Anne lived under the extreme pressures stemming from the urgency to produce a male heir to the throne. This requisite placed tension on her relationship with Henry, causing the eventual dissolution of their marriage. At the time of Annes three-year reign, she acquired all the advantages of a Queen Consort, including the ability to hold influence upon the Kings decisions and judgments within his kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Anne Boleyn: Queen Consort of England 1533-36 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although her time on the throne was short lived, Anne Boleyn prospered in many of her personal endeavors as the Queen of England.

Is A Hero Really Nothing But Essay Example

Is A Hero Really Nothing But Paper Is a Hero Really Nothing but a Sandwich? In the article titled Is a Hero Really Nothing but a Sandwich? by Ted Toeless, he states what makes a person a hero. One Interesting Idea he mentions Is a hero has ability to boost change of community, and another important factor he raises is all heroes around the world are instructive and inspirational. While these are not the only factors that make up a hero, I believe they are the two most essential evidences to support the topic. The first point is that hero has ability to boost change of immunity. Ted Toeless indicates that heroes are catalysts for change. They have a vision from mountaintop; they have the skill and the charm to move the masses; they create new possibility. I am an advocate of this Idea because there Is a real hero In my country with these traits. Exactly, heroes are different with normal people. They are courageous, tenacious, wise, visionary and ambitious, so they dare to do something that normal can not do. They inspire masses, and they also influence people fallow them. In China, there are such words about that no chair Mao, no The Peoples Republic of China. Chair Mao is actually a hero in each Chinese mind. When the call war broken out In 1945, The Communist Party was always at a big disadvantage. However, Mao never displayed weakness; he leaded The Communist Party and masses to persist in battling until 1949. During four years war, He made many wise decisions and became popular around masses so that The Communist Party could win the war in 1949. He also predicted the leak of Soviet union System, so e does not let China follow Soviet. We will write a custom essay sample on Is A Hero Really Nothing But specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is A Hero Really Nothing But specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is A Hero Really Nothing But specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, he changed whole China, and made people stood up instead of being oppressed; he established The Peoples Republic of China In 1949 with Chinas unique socialism system. Another Important point shows that all heroes around the world are instructive and Inspirational. Ted Toeless states heroes around the world generally share traits that instruct and inspire people. I believe this idea profoundly because I I had a hero in my mind when I was a little boy; the hero always conducted and inspired me to be better. So-called heroes, sometimes they should not have a number of glorious deeds, and they are not being popular among people; they Just have charming traits that attract masses to learn. I could remember that a Japanese carton called Pocket Monsters Inspired me since I was 10 years old. On each episode, the villains called Rocket Team want to snatch the pocket monster of leading role; however, they failed every time. Although they did not have enough combat effectiveness, they never gave it up. They tried all kinds of fantastic ways but useless. I started to think what support them keep moving? It was no doubt that the spirit of the persistence. I was Inspired profoundly because that was what I wanted and lacked. Each time I wanted to give up doing homework; I would remember Rocket Team; I should learn from their persistence. Therefore, I insisted on one rule: Study was the most important, and playing was second. I balanced study and entertainment well; I persisted in having some fun after finishing my homework so that I got high grade in my elementary school. Overall, I believe that roes have ability to influence people; their enchanting characteristics inspire people become well; they set examples for people so that people would be proud for teem Ana Tallow teem. I nee also can accelerate progress AT collect Decease teeny have supernormal skill that is able to lead people and make reforms. Heroes can be called heroes because they are different with normal people, and they benefit the world; they make large contribution to society and shape flawless images for people. These are the reason why these two points are vital for heroes.

Romeo and Juliet Impulsive Behavior Essay Essays

Romeo and Juliet Impulsive Behavior Essay Essays Romeo and Juliet Impulsive Behavior Essay Paper Romeo and Juliet Impulsive Behavior Essay Paper A simple defect can be more fatal than decease itself. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. this becomes evident to the reader in many instances. Romeo is a really blemished character whose unprompted behaviour led to the decease of non merely himself but besides his darling Juliet. Romeo rapidly altering his deathless love he felt with Rosaline to Juliet without any compunction. subsequently when he kills Tybalt without thought of the effects. and once more when he learns of Juliet’s decease. Romeo’s headlong attitude plays a immense function in his life. and this shows merely before Romeo is about to come in the Capulet uninvited without believing much about it. At first. Romeo goes to the party to see his thought-to-be love Rosaline. but than rapidly changes his love from Rosaline to Juliet at his first sight of the beautiful Capulet. â€Å"Is she a Capulet? / O beloved history! My life is my foe’s debt† ( I. iv. 118- 119 ) . Romeo cognizing that Juliet is a Capulet. cognizing his life is in the custodies of his enemy. decides to set this aside because his love is excessively strong for her. This is a great illustration of Romeo’s impulsiveness. If Romeo was non speedy to take these actions. Romeo and Juliet would hold neer met. This would do both of their lives a batch easier. This is non the lone clip Romeo’s impulsiveness takes a large impact in his life. Later. Mercutio. Romeo’s friend and Tybalt. Juliet’s cousin have an statement and get down to contend one another. One thing leads to another and Tybalt ends up by chance knifing Mercutio with his blade. Romeo thinks this is his mistake seeing that he was seeking to keep Mercutio back at the clip. When Mercutio is stabbed by Tybalt he acts like he isn’t injury. that it is merely a little abrasion. while the truth is so he is greatly injured. Mercutio dies in forepart of Romeo and Romeo’s impulsiveness boots in instantly. Alive in triumph-and Mercutio slain! / Away to heaven. several lenience. / and fired-eyed rage be my behavior now. / Now. Tybalt. take the â€Å"villain† back once more / that late 1000 gravest me. for Mercutio’s psyche / is but a small manner above our caputs. / Staying for thrine to maintain him company. / Either 1000 or I. or both. must travel with him. † ( III. I. 84-92 ) Romeo stating this is a great illustration of his fatal defect. Alternatively of believing through what he wants to make about Tybalt killing Mercutio. he rapidly jumps to his battle and has a battle with Tybalt. Romeo ends up killing Tybalt. doing every affair worse. Romeo was really huffy that Tybalt killed his friend Mercutio. but if he took a minute to believe of his actions before making it he would hold been better off. Romeo’s impulsiveness does non merely do the love to Juliet. or the violent death of Tybalt. but Romeos impulsive character causes possible the biggest error of his life. After killing Tybalt. Romeo is banished from Verona. He is told that he is lucky non to be killed for his actions. Romeo does non believe that manner at all. as Romeo stats he would instead be dead than have to populate without his Sweet Juliet. Friar Lawrence and Juliet think of a program to acquire Romeo and Juliet back together. The dark before Juliet’s weeding to Paris. she must imbibe a potion that will do her appear dead. After she is laid to rest to rest in the family’s crypt. Romeo will come and salvage her so they can populate free together. The weeding unexpectedly gets moved a twenty-four hours earlier. Juliet drinks her potion the twenty-four hours before the weeding and goes on with the program. The job is Romeo hears merely of Juliet’s decease. the message of Juliet feigning to be dead did non acquire to him in clip. Romeo rapidly goes to Juliet’s grave to see her. but he finds Paris at that place every bit good. Romeo and Paris battle and Romeo kills him out of fury. â€Å"Wilt 1000 provoke me? Then have at thee. male child! † ( V. three. 78 ) Romeo so takes a expression at Juliet’s organic structure for the really last clip. Romeo drinks the potion to kill himself. but non before he kisses Juliet one last clip. Soon after. Juliet wakes up but merely to see Romeo’s dead organic structure lying following to her. She. like Romeo can non populate without him and knife herself with Romeo’s sticker. Romeo’s unprompted behaviour non merely took his life. but besides his true love Juliet.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 99

Journal - Essay Example All children believe in Santa Clause and love the magic of Christmas. So Coca Cola used it and built the association array, something like Santa Claus drinks Coca Cola and Christmas is not full without Coca Cola. At least I understood it in this way and asked to buy me a Cola. In this commercial one may also find the image of happy families, celebrating the holiday and enjoying positive emotions. Children like and need such things and these pictures capture childrens attention. Also the authors used the holiday song with very sticking to the memory tune. Eric Schlosser in his essay Kid Kustomers noticed â€Å"The growth in children’s advertising has been driven by efforts to increase not just current, but also future, consumption. Hoping that nostalgic childhood memories of a brand will lead to a lifetime of purchases (...)†. This pattern works in case of Christmas advertisement by Coca Cola. When I found the clip on YouTube I saw comments like â€Å"I dont feel Christmas until I see and hear that advert† (user pwnsauce8) or â€Å"i love coca cola adverts at christmas i always drink coke on christmas day† (user Ste OC). Also I remember the commercial of 7-UP with Orlando Jones. He plays with small dog and accidentally he hits the pet with the can of 7-UP. I was not cruel to animals, I liked dogs and liked to play with them. I imaged that the dog is kidding and pretending dead so it seemed very funny. This clip did not make me want 7-UP but it made me want a puppy. I asked my parents to buy me a dog every time I saw this video. Now I can say these clips contain no information about goods, its features, or price. There are only emotions and associative arrays in these videos. So the ideal audience of these advertisements has to be emotional and have no logical and critical thinking. Like kids. Basically these drinks are not for children as they contain a lot of harmful for childs body

Balanced Reading Program Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Balanced Reading Program Part 3 - Essay Example Description of the balance literacy program, basic components, analysis of linguistic articles to supplement the strategy, design of comprehensive framework components, and metrics to assess the activities and timeline of strategies are the key points of the paper to achieve the desired improvement in the children. Many children struggle to achieve the academic competency despite existence of various viewpoints regarding the approach to teaching children how to read. â€Å"Read to Succeed† program creates the design of comprehensive framework for assisting children in reading and writing. Teachers and academicians faces dilemma regarding the choice of methodology that can serve as model of excellence for teaching and reading in classrooms. For instance, the skills based phonics process that stresses on the breaking down of individual word into several component sounds, or the relatively easier and child-centric approach that emphasizes on the reading of texts and simultaneously deciphering its meaning through fun-filled shared readings in classrooms strengthens the value of the program. Balanced literacy program addresses these issues. The balanced reading approach offers effective techniques for enhancing reading, writing, listening, viewing and speaking skills. Cohen and Cowen (2007) observes the inculcation of right aptitude and attitude in the student in which â€Å""The primary goal of a balanced literacy program is to teach reading, not as a skill broken into isolated steps, but as a lifelong learning process that promotes higher order thinking, problem solving and reasoning† (pp. 37). The basic components of a Balanced Literacy Program include Reading and Writing that can be divided into various sub-components such as ‘Reading Aloud’, ‘Shared Reading’, ‘Guided Reading’, ‘Independent Reading’, ‘Modeled/Shared Writing’, ‘Interactive Writing’, and ‘Independent Writing’.

Assig (see instructions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assig (see instructions) - Essay Example I would say that these capabilities are dependent upon breadth and depth of life experiences and how frequently a person uses his oral language ability in expressing his ideas, insights, needs, and feelings. As there is an inter-linkage between oral language acquisition and reading ability, it would hence be easier for a learner to learn reading and appreciate it. The appreciation would come with the cultural aspect of reading. This being said, the development of reading ability must hence be coupled with oral language usage in order to speedy the progress of reading. The reading to learn/for pleasure stage is a stage where the learner has already established the fundamental stages and basis of reading such as vocabulary, grammar, sentence construction, and the like. The teacher will hence have no difficulty enabling the learner read. The level of reading at this stage is no longer for comprehension, familiarization of words, sounds, or vocabulary, but is rather one that stimulates the learner’s interest to learn more things through reading and appreciate a reading material such as a novel, a short story, a poem, etc. In this stage, the learner tends to be independent of the teacher/mentor when he/she is reading, can be very absorbed to the material, and may ask a few questions he/she does not understand or may consult the dictionary/thesaurus for new words. The learner doe not need pictures in the text to describe certain concepts depicted in the material. Instead, they can already picture in their mind what is being talked about. In this stage, the learner appreciates learning about a certain place, event, situation, or idea, which can trigger their imagination. An activity that can be used to help a struggling reader develop oral fluency is through discussion questions participated in by a group of learners and the teacher. The teacher asks a question to the group, which the participants answer. The participants themselves

Static And Dynamic Cmos Cascode Voltage Switch Logic Circuits Computer Science Essay

Static And Dynamic Cmos Cascode Voltage Switch Logic Circuits Computer Science Essay This paper presents a dual rail logic network based static and dynamic CMOS cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) circuits for improving the functional efficiency and low power consumption. The logic design strategic is achieved in CVSL by cascading differential pairs of FET devices are capable of processing Boolean functions up to (2N-1) input variables within a single circuit delay. Potentially CVSL is twice as dense as primitive NAND/NOR logic, and is compatible with existing design automation tools and relieving the device/process complexity burden for CVSL designs. Significant performance and density improvements with simultaneous reduction in power consumption have been investigated using cadence-90 nm technology. The power requirements for the static and dynamic cascode voltage switch logic circuits are compared Index Terms- cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL), Dual rail logic, CMOS VLSI circuit, cadence tools INTRODUCTION In recent years, most of the digital systems are static complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) due to their robust design nature which can implement reliable circuits with excellent noise margin. However, the demand for high-performance digital systems requires continuously faster CMOS circuit speed. Dynamic circuits are proven to have better circuit performance. But unfortunately, these dynamic design styles suffer from charge sharing, low noise margin, complexity of design, and difficulty in testing. Recently, several researchers have attempted to use pass-gate logic style to realize static and high performance designs in different digital systems [1-2]. Pass-gate logics gain their speed over the traditional static CMOS design due to their high logic functionality and reduction in the number of pFET transistors. However, the degradation of pull-up performance for the pass-gate design in the long circuit chain is the major obstacle for most designers to use. Recently, CMOS c ircuit design technique based cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) is proposed with numerous advantages over the conventional static CMOS [3]. The domino CMOS, NORA and pseudo-NMOS technique is only effective in non-complementary logic circuits and it cannot apply directly to complementary logic functions. But, CVSL circuits can be applied to complementary logic families. Potential advantages include reduced circuit delay, higher layout density, lower power consumption and extended logic flexibility [4]. CVSL have been used to implement high-performance arithmetic circuits such as fast multiplications, ROM, RAM as well as pipelined DSP circuits. CVSL is very suitable for asynchronous designs when logic works at that time only the clocks are running; remaining time is off. This reduces power consumption, especially for large and complex circuits [5]. Dual rail logic network families are becoming increasingly important for advanced technologies because of the very small amount of charge required to hold a logic state. The cascode-voltage-switch logic gates are evaluated for improved the functional efficiency using 90 nm and 65 nm technology CMOS processes [6]. This paper describes dual rail logic network based static and dynamic CMOS cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) circuits for improving the functional efficiency and power reduction. Significant performance and density improvements with simultaneous reduction in power consumption have been investigated using cadence. The power requirements for the static and dynamic are CVSL compared. design of CMOS CVSL circuit Cascode voltage switch logic is a dual-rail logic family. The dual-rail logic based differential CVSL gates are provides the potential of having high fan-in which leads to a reduction in logic depth, high speed, and the capability of generating completion signals for asynchronous operations. A) Dual rail Logic concept: The dual rail logic structure is consists of two-pFET are cross-coupled to form a simple latch that provides complementary outputs and; the latch is driven by an nFET network that can be viewed as two complementary switching functions. The dual rail logic circuits are more complex than single rail logic circuit, but the dual rail circuit can be faster than single rail circuit [6]. VDD 0 to1 swing 0 (a) Switching waveform for single rail logic VDD 0 to1 swing 0 (a) Switching waveform for dual rail logic Fig 1 Switching action for single and dual rail network The slew rate is simply the rate of change of the output voltage in time. A large slew rate implies a fast switching speed. In case of single rail circuit is generated output, but dual rail logic circuit, both and are generate as output of the gates that is shown in Fig 1. The logic variable is taken to be the difference signalthat effective of slew rate is defines as This illustrate that dual rail circuit intrinsically exhibits faster switching speed than single rail network. In practical the dual rail logic has some problems; increased circuit complexity, increased interconnects required in the layout and timing issues become critical. These problems have been investigated in this static and dynamic differential cascode voltage switch logic circuits. B) Static CVSL: Static differential cascode switch logic circuits usually consist of a push-pull load by pFET and a pair of interrelated (requiring both true and complement signals) binary decision trees by nFET. The Differential CVSL tree is properly designed into two ways, such that: (1) When the input vector is the true of the switching function, that node is disconnected from ground and node is connected to ground by a unique conducting path through the tree. (2) When the input vector is false of, the reverse holds. The logic trees may be further minimized from the full differential form using logic minimization algorithms. This version, which might be termed a static CVSL gate, is lower than a conventional complementary gate employing a p-tree and n-tree. This because switching action, the p pull-ups have to fight the n pull-down trees. VDD pFET Latch pFET2 pFET1 nFET Logic Array Fig 3 Static CMOS CVSL gate circuit A design procedure for differential CVSL circuits using the pictorial nature of the Karnaugh map is proposed. A CMOS cell designed with this procedure is compared with the corresponding gate logic design. A CVSL circuit of the Boolean function is given by that is shown in Fig 2. Note that only 12 transistors are required for this differential CVSL circuit design, two p-transistors and ten n-transistors instead of 10 p-transistors and 10 n-transistors using a NAND-NAND configuration or conventional gate logic design. The transistor pFET latching circuit is consists of two stable states. The conductions of the source-gate voltage on the devices are given as The behavior of the latches is that and is andare voltage complements in this circuit, so one is high while other is low. The latching is induced by nFET switching network, which biases pFET1 into conduction from that time With pFET1 conducting, rises to, which drives pFET2 into cutoff from that time This represents one stable state of the latch. The voltage is pulled to, which gives and biases pFET2 into conduction and pFET1 into cutoff. From this principle, there is no direct path for current flow from to ground for either situation, so that only leakage currents exist. C) Dynamic CVSL: The static CVSL logic gate can be transformed into dynamic circuit by rewiring the pFET latch to the clock-driven arrangement, shown in Fig 3. This eliminates the feedback loop and changes the two-pFET into precharge devices that are controlled by the clock. When the value of clock is zero, drives both pFET into conduction mode that result is precharging of the output nodes. To avoid DC-current flow during this event, an evaluation nFET is controlled by the clock, so it is OFF during the precharge time. VDD nFET Combinational network Differential Inputs Clock Clock (precharge) pFET1 pFET2 Fig 3 Basic structure of a dynamic CVSL gate circuit The precharge clock is zero at event, which allows the voltages across both and to precharge to value of When the clock change to the value is one, the circuit is driven into the evaluation phase. nFET is ON and the input signals are valid. For the case true signals switch is open and is held high while complementary switch is closed and discharges to; The output voltages are initially complementary. However, the left output voltage is subject to the usual dynamic problems of charge sharing and charge leakage, which reduces its value in time. As with all dynamic logic circuits, this gives rise to a minimum clock frequency. The pFET charge is controlled by the output states and. This dynamic cascade switch logic circuit allows with small aspect ratio for charge compensation without excessive current flowing onto the node. Simulation result and analysis The performance of the static and dynamic cascode voltage switch logic circuits designed and evaluated through cadence-gpdk90 nm technology. The static CMOS cell designed CVSL circuit of the Boolean function is given by. The differential input signals A, B, C, D, and E and also complementary input signals are applied to the pull-down (nFET network) network of the circuit. The transient response voltage is set as 1 V with 0.1 ns rise/fall time. The cross-coupled latch is provides complementary outputs and that is shown in Fig 4 A B C D E Q Fig 4 Simulation waveforms for static CVSL circuit Clock A B C D Q Fig 5 Simulation waveforms for dynamic CVSL circuit The dynamic CMOS cell designed CVSL circuit of the Boolean function is given byas a four XOR gate implementation. This is just two-domino gates operating on true and complement inputs with a minimized logic tree. The transient response voltage is set as 1 V with 0.1 ns rise/fall time. The cross-coupled latch is provides complementary outputs and that is shown in Fig 5 The static and dynamic CVSL circuits power consumption is calculated and given in table 1 Table 1 Static and dynamic CVSL Power consumption CMOS Logic Power consumption Static CVSL 166 uW Dynamic CVSL 224 uW Conclusions This paper implements a dual rail logic circuit design technique for CMOS differential cascade voltage switch circuits. This CVSL gates facilitates that improving the functional efficiency and low power consumption. The static and dynamic CMOS differential CVSL circuits have been investigated using cadence-gpdk90 nm technology.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay -- essays research papers

Ralph Waldo Emerson							I am writing this essay on the beliefs and thoughts of Ralph Waldo Emerson on the subjects of individuality, society, government, technology, and spirituality. 	I think that Emerson believes that every person should be as much as individual as they can. Be who you are on the inside, don't try to be like everyone else. Don't worry about fitting in, if someone is a real friend, they will like you for who you are, real friends won't dump you for being yourself. 	When Emerson says "Insist on yourself; never imitate." he is saying that you should act like you are on the inside; don't try to be like someone else. Be your own person and strive to be as different from everyone else as much as you can. Emerson said that your mind is your own, and no one can touch it. You can think what you want to think, and no one can change that. He describes this belief in the quote "Nothing is at last sacred, but the integrity of your own mind." People can mess with every other part of you, but your mind they can't reach. 	Emerson is quoted as saying "My life is for itself and not for a spectacle." I think that he means that each and every person has their own life to live and that they shouldn't devote their time to worrying about what other people are doing. You have enough to worry about with what's going on in your own lives. 	Emerson believes that when you...

A Summary of Radical Evolution by Joel Garreau Essay

Radical Evolution by Joel Garreau has chapters on two scenarios of the future of humans. Both Heaven and Hell Scenarios have â€Å"The Curve† involved, but the dangers of the GRIN technologies make the Hell Scenario more likely. Rise of technology will lead to the downfall of humanity due to Bioengineered Disease Agents/Weapons. Supporting ideas for this topic are: threat of humans creating dangerous weapons such as pox with cobra venom, biotechnology such as the Australian mouse pox incident being dangerous, and the rise of technology may enhance a plague and kill more people than a natural plague. Garreau is worried about humans being changed so much we won’t be able to tell who is who. Also, we might end up missing â€Å"typical human characteristics.† To Garreau, human nature is â€Å"the sum of the behavior and characteristics that are typical of the human species, arising from genetic rather than environmental factors (Garreau, 159).† A couple early warning signs we’re entering The Hell Scenario are: â€Å"Almost unimaginably bad things are happening, destroying large chunks of the human race or the biosphere, at an accelerating pace, and technologies continue to accelerate as individual nations, continents, tribes or movements jockey for position in a hostile world (Garreau, 184).† Chapter four mentions the GRIN technologies. Gregory Stock is the G, nanotechnology is the N, and computer intelligence is the I. Gregory Stock is the director of the Program on Medicine, Technology, and Society at the School of Medicine of the University of California at Los Angeles. According to Garreau, Stock thinks humans will transcend because of genetic engineering and not because of computers which is what Kurzweil thinks. There are two kinds of nanotechnology. The first â€Å"reduces big things to sizes so astonishingly little that their behavior changes dramatically (Garreau, 118).† â€Å"Promising godlike powers, immortality and unimaginable wealth (Garreau, 118)† is the second kind. One example of the first kind of nanotechnology is the â€Å"buckyball† which is nicknamed in Buckminster Fuller’s honor. Its properties are: â€Å"60 times the strength of steel, the weight of plastic, the electrical conductivity of silicon, the heat conductivity o f diamond and the size and perfection of DNA (Garreau, 119).† The second kind of nanotechnology starts with Eric Dexler. With his book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, he discusses his ideas. Growing objects such as a car, or a TV will be possible with nanotechnology. Computer intelligence has two meanings: weak and strong. There’s a man name Ray Kurzweil, also known as â€Å"the restless genius,† in the movie Transcendent Man. He said, â€Å"technology feeds on itself and gets faster and faster. It’s gonna continue and in about forty years the basic changes are going to be so astonishingly quick that you won’t be able to follow it unless you enhance your own intelligence with the technology we’ve created.† According to Garreau, Kurzweil’s thinking of the weakness of humans was affected by his and his wife’s family being destroyed by the Holocaust and his dad suffering from a heart attack and dying at age 58. Kurzweil’s view of human nature is humans, unlike reptiles, are capable of higher functions such as love, art, culture and technology. He â€Å"can see† the hell and prevail scenarios and mentions avoiding dangerous technologies such as nanotechnology is unrealistic. He said, â€Å"Most technology will be nanotechnology in the 2 020s. You would have to relinquish all of technology.† Kurzweil calls â€Å"The Curve of exponentially increasing technology (Garreau)† â€Å"The Law of Accelerating Returns.† He thinks humans don’t have control of the force (the Curve) and it’s a â€Å"pattern of life (Garreau).† Surviving Progress mentioned a term called â€Å"Progress trap.† According to the video a progress trap was created â€Å"to define human behavior that seem to provide benefits in the short term, but ultimately leads to disaster because they’re unsustainable.† An example that was provided was our ancestors hunting mammoths. Hunters who discovered how to kill two mammoths made progress. Driving a herd over a cliff was discovered which led to making too much progress. Also, this progress trap could be related to the Curve. The movie stated, â€Å"†We think progress is more of the same†¦ Like we should make our machines better and make more machines.† Technology is rising due to humans trying to make progress which ended up being too much. According to the movie, we are essentially the same people as those stone age people, culture has become completely detached from natural evolution, and our knowledge and technology (ability to do good or harm) has grown out of proportion. After, he went to the topic â€Å"the mortal threat from the development of self-replicating man-made anything (Garreau, 145),† but he found information which lead him to believe biotech is a greater threat. Francis Fukuyama is â€Å"one of America’s most thoughtful and challenging public intellectuals (Garreau, 155).† â€Å"He defines human nature as â€Å"the sum of the behavior and characteristics that are typical of the human species, arising from genetic rather than environmental factors (Garreau, 159).† Also, Fukuyama said, â€Å"The thing I’m worried the most about is the attempt to modify on a large scale some basic characteristics of human behavior in ways that will make us scarcely recognizable (Garreau, 159).† Different versions of hell are mentioned in Radical Evolution. â€Å"For Francis Fukuyama the lowest ring of hell will be reserved for those who, through biotechnology, dream of leaving behind human nature (Garreau, 155).† Garreau’s conclusion from his studies is there will be three different types of humans: The Enhanced, The Naturals, and The Rest. The Enhanced are people who use GRIN technologies, The Naturals are humans that have an opportunity to become Enhanced but choose not to, and The Rest are people who don’t have a choice of becoming Enhanced. Questions are asked which are: â€Å"If a person has a test-tube baby, is she an Enhanced?† and â€Å"If a person has a Viagra prescription, is he an Enhanced?† Garreau wants to use The Shakespeare Test to answer the question: â€Å"How will you someday tell, looking at an Enhanced, if she genuinely represents a transformation of the species-comparable to the difference between Neanderthals and tod ay’s humans?† Bill Joy is â€Å"the Edison of the Internet.† Joy stated, â€Å"Ethical humans, not robots, dominated this future, and I took Roddenberry’s dream as part of my own (Garreau, 141).† After Joy hearing a debate between Kurzweil and John Searle on the Heaven Scenario, Joy thought of a hell scenario. Both scenarios have The Curve. Although Joy thought of the idea he doesn’t have a book of The Hell Scenario. At first Joy focused on the topic of â€Å"overcoming people’s denial (Garreau, 145),† but to him it seems it’s already a topic that had a lot of discussion. After, he went to the topic â€Å"the mortal threat from the development of self-replicating man-made anything (Garreau, 145),† but he found information which lead him to believe biotech is a greater threat. When Saddam Hussein was in power Iraq was working to mix pox and cobra venom with the knowledge of fowlpox with venom extract kills more chickens. Another piece of information is the incident with Australian mouse pox. This virus can kill every mouse it infects. Since smallpox is a close relative, it could be genetically modified to be as fatal. In a description by Roman poet and Epicurean philosopher Lucretius a quote says, â€Å"A flame, like flame in furnaces, would blaze/Within the stomach (Garreau, 148).† These make up The Hell Scenario. First, Pox with cobra venom was almost made after the second Gulf War, but in the process of it’s making, the invention was ruined due to bombings. When Saddam Hussein was in power Iraq was working to mix pox and cobra venom with the knowledge of fowlpox with venom extract kills more chickens. After hearing this, â€Å"Joy’s alarm is underlined by the fact that such a weapon in the hands of someone like Saddam Hussein was a serious worry (Garreau, 146).† Second, is the incident with Australian mouse pox. This virus can kill every mouse it infects. Since smallpox is a close relative, it could be genetically modified to be as fatal. In Australia, mice were everywhere and scientists tried to find a way to control them. According to Garreau, â€Å"Toward this end, two Canberra researchers, Ron Jackson and Ian Ramshwo, in late 2000 were trying to create a new mouse contraceptive. Instead, they created a monster. They added one gene to a mouse pox virus, and this new virus turned out to be 100 percent fatal.† Next, A modern plague will be more dangerous than a plague in the past. In a description by Roman poet and Epicurean philosopher Lucretius a quote says, â€Å"Recurrent spasms of vomiting would rack alway their thews and members, breaking down with sheer exhaustion men already spent†¦ the inward parts of men, in truth, would blaze unto the very bones; A flame, like flame in furnaces, would blaze within the stomach (Garreau, 148).† This shows the symptoms of the plague of Athens. With that in mind, imagine what a plague enhanced by today’s/future generation’s technology can do. How many people would die? The Inauguration Poem â€Å"One Today† says, â€Å"†¦ digging trenches, routing pipes and cables, hands as worn as my father’s cutting sugarcane so my brother and I could have books and shoes.† Will we need to work once we reach a point where technology is so advance machines can do the work for us? If that happens humans won’t need to work hard or even work at all because machines will be the product of human’s past work. In conclusion, possibilities of dangerous weapons, fear from the Australian mouse pox incident, and the high level of threat of a modern plague all make up The Hell Scenario. With these imperfections of humanity it’s unlikely man kind will follow the Heaven Scenario. Instead man kind will dive into the Hell Scenario because that’s a closer match to how things will go with imperfect humans. Works Cited Garreau, Joel. Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies– and What It Means to Be Human. New York: Doubleday, 2005. Print. Ggrefeder. â€Å"Hd Movie Transcendent Man Part 1/7.† YouTube. YouTube, 02 Oct. 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Joy, Bill. â€Å"Bill Joy: What I’m Worried About, What I’m Excited about.† TED: Ideas worth Spreading. TED, 2008. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. â€Å"KurzweilAI | Accelerating Intelligence.† KurzweilAI Ray Kurzweil Bio Comments. N.p., 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Surviving Progress. Dir. Mathieu Roy. Perf. Stephen Hawking, David Suzuki, Jane Goodall. 2011. Netflix. Wade, Nicholas. â€Å"From ‘End of History’ Author, a Look at the Beginning and Middle.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 08 Mar. 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

Humanism During the Rennaissan essays

Humanism During the Rennaissan essays The Renaissance was an incredibly important turning point in Western Intellectual and Cultural Tradition. All of these changes centered on the idea of Humanism in which, people became less God Centered and more Human-centered. I have narrowed down these changes, and will discuss in detail, these changes in three major categories: Political, Education, and the Humanism of Arts. The major political changes of the Renaissance were from the old Feudal System of the Middle Ages into a more flexible and liberal class system. This was most noticeable in Italy (particularly in Florence), where the divisions consisted of the old rich, the new rich nobles, the middle class, and the lower middle class (The poor didn't count). This created great conflict between these social divisions. The new rich consisted of successful merchants, capitalists, and bankers innovators of new systems of making money. The Humanism philosophy was also a very popular with the people and many political leaders rose to high positions with support of these ideals. Three humanists even became chancellors of Florence they used their rhetorical skills to strongly rally the people of Florence against their enemies. The great changes in Education of the Renaissance were inspired at first, by the desire of Humanists to be wise and to speak eloquently. The idea of useful education for the people, and very "well rounded" schooling in many different fields of learning were the new defined goals of Renaissance education. People all over (Especially in Florence) revived the Ancient Greek studies of Plato, Aristotle, and many others. People began seriously questioning what these people said and re-developed the "Scientific Theory" in which you didn't just accept whatever was said to you, but you tested the truth of it. In the area of Humanism and the Arts, Renaissance Artists no longer were subordinate to the interests and the values of ...

buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay

buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay Social psychology refers to the scientific study of the influence of other people, actual or implied in this case on the behavior, pattern and conduct of a person. It is general practice that people do not behave the same I different environs. Obedience A scientist named Milgram studied obedience in depth and came up with various findings relating to the virtue. The study was an effort by a key authority figure to see how students would react to an order that did not conform with their conscience in that it was an unacceptable act. The aim of the goal was to find out how exactly the subject being ordered would react in this kind of environment, given set of conditions that orders were being communicated vertically. The study involved participants who drew papers to decide who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. Both papers read teacher and the actor said he had the role of the learner to play. This implied the participant would always be the teacher. This however was unknown to the subject. The teacher and learner were then separated from a direct reach and visibility of each other. They therefore could not communicate. The confederate (learner) was quick to mention that he had a heart condition to the teacher. (Catherine, 2009) .The teacher responded by asking for an electric shock from the electro shock generator. The learner would ideally have this used on him during the experiment to treat the heart condition. The teacher then received word pairs in a list and was supposed to teach this to the learner. The teacher read the word pairs aloud to the learner later followed by one word of every pair. Four possible answers would then be read and the learner was supposed to press a button to indicate his response. An incorrect answer would warrant administration of a shock to the learner. The voltage was increasing by 15 volts per every wrong answer. A correct answer would warrant progress to the next pair of words. The subjects actually believed that this for every wrong answer the teacher actually administered shock to the learner. The learner had set up a table with a tape recorder connected with the electro shock generator. It played sounds that had been pre-recorded for each shock level. The actor then banged on the wall after some voltage increments and complained of his heart condition. The learner would stop responding. Many people at this point were eager to check on the learner. Some subjects paused at 135 volts wanting to know the purpose of the experiment but after being reassured, it continued. Some subjects would nervously laugh depicting signs of sympathy when they heard screams coming from the learner. The subjects occasionally received signs from the experimenter to continue. The experiment was halted at a voltage of 450 volts. (Robert, 2001). Results Milgram had initially called on students in Yale to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers. Many argued that very few teachers (0-3%) would actually inflict a voltage of 450 volts. Milligrams colleagues also had the opinion that very few subjects would progress under this voltage. Milgram concluded that obedience without confomity to ones conscience is disturbing. The subjects were finding it difficult to continue adding more voltage on the learner. The findings were: Adults would go to great lengths in trying to follow an order. Ordinary people doing their jobs can become agents of destruction Conformity Solomon Asch decided to study conformity i.e. the tendency of an individual to follow the unspoken rules and patterns of a group in which he belongs. He accepted out a sequence of experiments intended to demonstrate the power of conformity in groups. Students were instructed that they would engage in a vision test. The subjects did not know that the other participants were to assist the experimenter in that it was planned. The confederates at first answered the questions correctly but eventually started giving wrong answers. Results 75% of all the participants went down with the rest of the collection at least one time. The results later indicated participants had given the wrong answer at least one third of the time. This is after tallying of different results had been done. The participants ability to tell the length of the line was tested. They were supposed to write down their ideas on papers which would then be scrutinized. The results indicated that the participants were very accurate. They had chosen the correct answer approximately 985 of the time. The experiment also tried to determine the consequences of the number of people on conformity. There was virtually no effect on the participants answers when only one confederate was present. Presence of two confederates showed some slight result. The level of conventionality seen with three or more confederates was very significant. Asch establishes out that having one of the confederates give the accurate answer while the rest giving an incorrect one lowered conformity significantly. Just 5-10% of the applicants conformed to the rest of the group. Morris and Miller have supported this finding to the extent that the presence of social support is important if conformity has to be combated. Students who got the answer right said they avoided giving the same response to avoid being ridiculed. This gave the conclusion that conformity is influenced by both needs to fit in and believe other people are smarter or better informed. This is practical in real life situations where people want to conform to a general pattern. This is in order to avoid being seen as crazy or having an abnormality in the way they think. It I common that in a class of students, majority of the class gives the same answer when expected to answer aloud. This is not because it is true but because they want to conform to a general pattern. (Smith , 2007). Social perception This refers to the part of perception that actually allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. It is an element of social cognition and allows people to determine the effect of other people in their personal life. Altruism Studies the following: ; Unselfish behavior and attitude towards the welfare of others. It conforms to the zeal and urge of an individual to work towards the benefits of others. Intentional behaviors that benefit other persons Behaviors that have no obvious gain for the provider Behaviors that have obvious costs for the provider (time and resources) There are theories that seek to explain what altruism is all about and its characteristic. These include: 1. Hedonism: Selfish acts that seek to benefit the actor in the following ways: (A) Gives emotional satisfaction (B) Reduces negative feelings in the actor 2. Reciprocal Altruism: Natural selection favors animals that are actually altruistic towards each other if the profit to each is greater than the price of altruism. Bystander effect A social psychological phenomenon refers to cases where individuals do not tender help in a crisis to the victim where other people are present. In the past the amount of help has been thought to be inversely proportional to the number of bystanders present. The more the bystanders present in an emergency, the less the likelihood that help will be extended. (David, 2005) This is because each of the present bystanders looks upon the other as also present and expects them to be willing to assist. It is therefore a condition registered in the mind of the bystander. Social Loafing This term as used in social psychology refers to the occurrence where people exert fewer attempts to achieve an objective when they work in a group than when they work alone. It has been known even in corporate organizations and government institutions that when people work in a group without each person having to specialize, they more often than not engage in lazing around at the expense of engaging their minds in the work they are supposed to do. This is because each and every individual relies upon his colleague and believes the work will go to completion despite the circumstances underlying. Groups are therefore less productive sometimes compared to individual assignments. Rope pulling experiments have been used to prove this fact. People during rope pulling exert very little effort since they have the belief in them that it is a collective responsibility. Empathy This is the key ingredient to helping. Empathy felt towards a person helps them regardless of what they gain from it. Relieving a persons suffering is an achievement. The social exchange theory takes control once a person stops feeling empathetic. Batson in his contribution said that people sometimes helped others out of selfish reasons. He was trying to discover a way to distinguish between motives that individuals have. The level of empathy changes with the situation and differs from one person to the other. (Obedience to Authority: An experimental view Stanley Milgram 1974) Empathy has seen the emergence of institutions, some of which are voluntary seeking to help in times of crisis. This promotes better relations in the society and unity is boosted. Buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay

Childrens Cognitive Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childrens Cognitive Development - Assignment Example Both teachers report at motivation is easy to achieve in 2nd and 4th grade because children still seek to please authority figures at this stage in their development. Rewards for good behavior, such as extra recess time are no longer possible because so much time is devoted to standardized testing. These teachers have adapted by offering students more choices about how and what they learn within the classroom. Differentiated instruction is a key to motivation and classroom management in elementary school. Both teachers agree that there is a difference between what they feel parents should do for their child’s education and what they actually see happening. Both teachers feel a stable home with good nutrition, boundaries concerning bed times and video games, and exposure to books and literature are all helpful. A home with scheduled study times was also identified as being a plus. Bothe teachers agree in stating that less than half of their children now have this sort of a home. Even the affluent, educated kids seem overscheduled and parents appear overindulgent when it comes to permitting TV watching and playing into the late hours of the evening. Kids seem tired and restless according to the 4th grade teacher. I interviewed the principal of a middle school for the next set of questions. She related that Gifted children have their needs addressed in two ways. One of the methods employed is to write specific skills or activities the classroom teacher must develop and do as a part of fulfilling the GIEP. This ensures that students are challenged within the regular classroom setting. She pointed out that inclusion is an important concept for Gifted students as well as students with learning disabilities. The second method employed is through the district Gifted Coordinator. This individual meets one day out of six with the gifted students in the

Comment on the Principles Utilized at Google to not be Evil Case Study - 1

Comment on the Principles Utilized at Google to not be Evil - Case Study Example According to the paper the primary concept or principle for functioning was to not be evil; this would include doing everything by the customer’s preferences. Their agreement with China which allows their search engine to be censored was the most controversial of their moves. This move is actually not in the best interest of its end-users and is seen by many as limiting freedom of speech and liberty itself. Its ongoing battle with AT&T is also indicative of its changing standards. It seems Google has changed its stance from neutrality to the survival of the fittest. While they once advocated net neutrality principles it is now increasingly more focused on putting its own interests first. In a way they are effectively crushing small firms and even large competition because of its biased and tyrannical attitude. What was once a motto no longer applies for Google it seems; at the end of the day there is massive copyright and trademark infringement through the search engine that i s allowed and goes unchecked by the firm. Pornography and other disturbing elements are not only widely available but also advertised. So the question is, was the principle only a catchy slogan? It seems it was. Â   Â  

Community Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Policing - Essay Example Understanding basic human behavior, including social disorganization theory regarding criminal activity will demonstrate how the activation of community policing programs becomes an effective tool for local police departments. Humans have the propensity to alter their behavior, beliefs, morals and ethics based upon real or perceived societal pressures because of the fundamental and universal need for acceptance by social peers. The failure to comply with conventional ‘norms’ of society often results in serious consequences; the most disconcerting is the segregation from and vilification of a desired group. People will go as far as to alter their deepest belief system and innermost values to be accepted by their friends, neighbors, community and those considered to be superiors. A person may often comply when prompted to act in a certain way by another whether or not they believe it is the correct course to take because the outcome of non-compliance lead to undesirable social consequences. Obedience differs from compliance. A person will obey a directive from a person accepted as an authoritative figure because they do not believe that they have a choice whereas complying is more of a choice. Both of these factors come into play through community policing efforts. In 1951, Solomon Asch demonstrated conformity by demonstrating how people can be routinely influenced by others (Asch, 1951). In his study, Asch gathered a small group of people together to compare a line drawn on one piece of paper to three lines drawn on another, one of which was obviously the same size as the one on the first paper. He then asked the group to determine which of the three lines matched the one. All but one of the group members was collaborating with Asch unbeknownst to the one actual subject of the test who was always positioned to choose last. The collaborators would choose the wrong line so as to determine if the test

Black Arts & Black Aesthetic Essay Example for Free

Black Arts Black Aesthetic Essay Larry Neal’s â€Å"Black Arts Movements† and Addison Gayle’s â€Å"The Black Aesthetic† are two identical mission statements for the black audience: set yourself apart from the white culture and give your culture the recognition it deserves. The two pieces are similar in ideas and purposes. The black communities were tired of always adapting to the ways of the white culture because it was the â€Å"right† way to act. The black community wanted to define their own culture and these pieces were words of encouragement for blacks to step outside the white ways of thinking and acting and step into an acceptance of their own urbanity. Once the differences were accepted that’s when you start seeing the different relationships between whites and blacks. These written pieces were significant changes in thoughts and actions at this time, and they weren’t useless. The blacks were really hoping to set themselves apart from the rest, to have people recognize they were different from the white oppressive mind set, and it worked. Larry Neal’s â€Å"The Black Arts Movement†, written in 1968, speaks directly to the needs and ambitions of Black America at the time. The main goal in â€Å"The Black Arts Movement† is to emphasize the necessity for black culture to define their world in their own terms. Larry Neal asks the question in his piece, â€Å"†¦whose vision of the world is more meaningful, ours or the white oppressors? † (Neal page 2040). He is asking his audience to move away from a white oppressor vision of the world and create their own vision of the world: a vision that has their own beliefs, thoughts, and ideas; a vision that stands out from the white patterns that have consisted years prior. The Black artists’ primary duty is to express the needs of the Black people. Neal explains this idea by saying, â€Å"†¦main thrust of his new breed of contemporary writers to confront the contradictions arising out of the Black man’s experience in the raciest West† (Neal page 2039). In other words, the goals of these new artists is to use a concept of â€Å"protest literature† (page 2040) and direct this new literature directly towards black people to summon hope and â€Å"[awaken] Black people to the meaning of their lives† (Neal page 2042). The Black community had been living in an oppressive society for years prior to this new movement. Neal believed The Black Aesthetic was the destruction of white ideas, and the destruction of white ways of looking at their world. Addison Gayle Jr. was another of these contemporary artists who encouraged a new way of life to the black community in his piece, â€Å"The Black Aesthetic†. The Black Aesthetic movement was the practice that helped those seeking to navigate and understand the experiences of black peoples. Gayle explains the Black Aesthetic movement: â€Å"The question for the black critic today is not how beautiful is a melody, a play, a poem, a novel, but how much more beautiful has the poem†¦made the life of a single black man? The Black Aesthetic, then, as conceived by this writer†¦is a means of helping black people out of the polluted mainstream of Americanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gayle 1916). This is a significant quote because Gayle, and many of the Black Aesthetic artists at the time, really believe that these works of art are not for the critics’ entertainment. Instead they are gritty stories of these Black Peoples’ experiences and they are intended to free the Black Man of an oppressive white America. They are to encourage these black men and women to stop conforming to the white culture and instead embrace their own. The black aesthetic period is so significant because it was a time where the artists made a significant shift in the opinions of the white culture towards the black culture, and even more, it gave a chance to the Black community to find their voice in the madness and be able to stand out amongst the white, oppressive view points of the society they were living in at the time. These two pieces of work connect really well with each other. Essentially I could connect Gayle’s piece to almost any Black Aesthetic piece just because they all have similar viewpoints in regards to the freedom of the oppressive white American culture. However, Larry Neal directly comments on the Black Aesthetics. He describes the Black Arts Movement and the Black Aesthetic as one. Neal says, â€Å"Black Art is the aesthetic and spiritual sister of the Black Power concept. As such, it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs and aspirations of Black America† (Neal page 2039). This goes with Gayle’s beliefs that the Black Aesthetic is directly made for the needs of the black peoples. Gayle says, â€Å"A critical methodology has no relevance to the black community unless it aids men in becoming better than they are† (page 1917). Gayle and Neal both have this vision for Black Americans that they be freed from this movement, not pushed further into oppression, and they believe the arts can advocate them into being better. The encouragement the artists have for the rest of their brothers and sisters is what makes these two pieces so important, especially when they’re being compared. The black people, whether they are the creators or just regular middle-class folks, share visions of positivity during hardships. They want their brothers to come out and top, so they fight together. The Black Aesthetic movement was a time period where the black Americans, whom had the privilege to create and share poems, stories, and plays, were able to share their creations with the rest of the population to motivate them. Gayle and Neal’s goals are the same: they want the blacks to find their own identity, present themselves differently, and stop following in the footsteps of the whites. They believe that these works of art really can do wonders of change for their brothers and sisters. These stories and creations, poem and plays, aren’t just useless, fictional words that these artist create out of air. They are real life accounts of the battles the black culture have fought in hopes that the oppressive layer of the white America finally comes off their backs. In the following quote, Neal demonstrates how the arts can really be significant. Neal says, â€Å"Poetry is a concrete function, actions†¦Poems are physical entities: fists, daggers, airplane poems, and poems that shoot guns. Poems are transformed into personal forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 2041). In relationship to Neal, Gayle compares the oppression to war. These two works are compatible to each other. Gayle believes the two cultures are at war, while Neal has the perfect weapon: works of art. Gayle explains the society’s conditions by saying, â€Å"The serious black artist of today is at war with the American society as few have been throughout American history† (Gayle page 1914). Gayle and Neal agree upon this. The Black American culture was at a war with the white American culture and the black artists were doing everything in their power to free themselves of this war using the one weapon they were best at using: words. Using these words of hope and encouragement, and visions of freedom and opportunities, the artists created possibilities. Neal and Gayle had similar visions for the future, as well. They both believed this movement was growing and they believed that growth had been evident in white peoples’ eyes already. Gayle states this growth by saying, â€Å"The white academician†¦calls upon a black man to write the introduction. The editor then declares that his anthology ‘represents the best black literature’ or that he has chosen these works which rank the best in American artistic production. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Gayle page 1918). In saying that a black man can write an introduction and rank the best in production is a significant amount of change for the Black community. The white editors are accepting of the different writing styles and topics, and still finding that it’s quality literature even when it’s unlike theirs; a goal the black aesthetic writers have worked to achieve. Neal has a similar idea on hope, but he also adds his beliefs on the growth of this movement by saying, â€Å"Afro-American life and history is full of creative possibilities, and the movement is just beginning to perceive them. Just beginning to understand that the most meaningful statements†¦must come from the Third World of which Black America is a part† (Neal page 2050). This statement is quite similar to Gayle’s in that the white society in America is starting to recognize the importance in black arts which is a significant change because it’s one that they worked towards for many years. At the time, progress was still being made, but some progress had been made and it was enough to make them feel happy and even more hopeful for the future of the movement. The significance in the pieces is that they set their black community apart from the rest of America. Years prior the whites oppressed the blacks and so at this point in time, the black people were trying desperately to free themselves. In comparing these two pieces you really start to see the similar ideas the black people had about their community. These ideas weren’t just small things a few people decided to write about. They were words of hope for the future. A mission statement to set themselves apart from the rest, testimonies of what the artists have been through, and explanations of why they’re different and why they should be recognized as that. The incredible thing about it: it worked. Gayle, Addison, Jr. , and Larry Neal. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York [u. a. : Norton, 2004. Print. ]

Relationship importance and Factors of Marital Adjustment

Relationship importance and Factors of Marital Adjustment Over the course of life, people learn to establish different relationships, with different values, expectations and commitments. One of those relationships is the marital relationship. For A good marital relationship marital adjustment is essential. Sinha Mukerjee (1990) defines marital adjustment as The state in which there is an overall feeling in husband and wife of happiness and satisfaction with their marriage and with each other. Locke Wallace (1959) defines marital adjustment as: accommodation of husband and wife to each other at a given time According to Spanier and Cole (1976), marital adjustment is a process, the outcome of which is determined by the degree of: a) troublesome marital differences, b) interpersonal tensions and personal anxiety, c) marital satisfaction d) dyadic cohesion, e) consensus on matters of importance to marital functioning. There are a number of factors that define a healthy marital adjustment. Some of these factors are Factors involved in Marital Adjustment: Wife employment and Marital Adjustment: Blumstein and Schwartz (1983) had earlier found that individuals, particularly wives, reported increased levels of self-esteem, self-concept, and self-worth were positively correlated with employment. Previous research on the relationship be- tween wife employment and marital adjust- ment has produced conflicting results: some investigations report a positive relationship between wife employment and marital adjust- ment (Burke Weir, 1976; Hartley, 1978); others suggest a negative relationship (Bean, Curtis, Marcum, 1977; Gover, 1963); other studies show no relationship (Bahr Day, 1978; Blood Wolfe, 1960). Nathawat and Mathur (1993) did a study in India about marital adjustment and subjective well-being in Indian-educated housewives and working women. Their results indicated that working women had better marital adjustment and subjective well-being. Working women reported high scores on general health, life satisfaction and self-esteem measures lower scores on hopelessness, insecurity and anxiety whereas the housewives had lower scores on negative affect than the working women. Trust and marital adjustment: Relationships are composed of trust, and sharing of intimate thoughts and feelings. They are built upon trust and sharing and they get stronger from these things (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009). According to Regan, Kocan, and Whitlock (1998) Trust is one of the most important component of a loving relationship. Also international studies have found trust to be a critical factor in the success of long-term marriages (Roizblatt et al. 1999; Sharlin 1996). In a longitudinal study, Kristina Moeller and Hakan Stattin (2001) report that adolescents with trustful parental relationships experienced greater satisfaction with their partner relationships in midlife. Quality of life and marital adjustment Psychological Factors: Depression stress (psychological well being) Lower psychological well-being is a major risk factor for relationship distress. Higher rates of relationship problems have been consistently linked to persons suffering from severe psychiatric disorders, including depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders (Bradbury, 1998). Many studies link marital conflict to depression (Beach, Arias, OLeary, 1987; OLeary and Beach, 1990). Although the authors propose a bidirectional causal relationship between marital conflict and depression, they suggest that marital conflict is typically a more powerful contributing factor to depression. Marital satisfaction appears to be an important factor of psychological well being. Marital distress has been linked with many psychological difficulties especially depression. (KAUSAR ANSARI.. thesis) . Belongingness and Marital Adjustment: According to Baumeister Leary (1995) Belongingness might have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of belongingness or attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. In a close relationship there is a need to belong and if that need isnt fulfilled then problems may occur. One of the universal institutions is marriage which is accepted to satisfy the need for belongingness. Economics and Marital Adjustment Education and income have also been linked to marital satisfaction and marital conflict, with greater levels of education and income predicting greater marital satisfaction and less conflict. Economic stress has a negative effect on marital satisfaction and a positive influence on relationship dissolution (Johnson Booth, 1990). Economic strain is directly linked to increased couple disagreements and has direct impact on marital adjustment (Kinnunen and Feldt, 2004). Many researches haves been conducted on economic factor in relation to marital adjustment e.g Zedlewski (2002) studied economic factor in relation to family well-being , he found that low family income and limited benefits have negative influences on child and family well-being. Voyandoff (1990) studied economic distress and family relations.   Ross Mirowsky (1992) and Yadollahi (2009) studied that employment of spouses  and the sense of control in various types of stressors of marital life. Diener and Diener (2001) investigated that wealth is related to many positive outcomes in life. Gudmunson, Beutler, Israelsen, McCoy Hill (2007) found that financial problems significantly contributed to lower reported marital satisfaction among married couples. In a study in Finland conducted by Kinnunen and Feldt (2004) concluded that husbands unempl oyment is strongly associated with his marital adjustment. Couples with better economic resources are martially adjusted as compared to those who have limited economic resources. Economic hard times increased rate of martial distress.   (Blekesaunes   2008)   Personality and Marital Adjustment In a study by Bouchard, Sabourin, Lussier, Y. (1999) the relationship of various personality traits with marital adjustment was studied. Personality traits studied were neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The scale used to measure marital adjustment was dyadic adjustment scale. The results showed that women high in agreeableness and openness were more adjusted. Also males that were high on openness and agreeableness were more martially adjusted. Husbands openness was positively related to their wives marital adjustment. Open individuals may tolerate and respect differences in behavior and thought of partner which would reduce the number of conflicts and increase the consensus between spouses. Kim, Martin, and Martin (1989) and Levine and Henessy (1990) found that personality factors differentiated stable from unstable marriages. Stable marriages were more similar in intelligence, protension, radicalism, tender-mindedness, mutual trust, acceptance, enthusiasm, and genuineness. Personality factors that reduce the likelihood of stability and satisfaction have included the lack of warmth and extraversion (Levine Henessy); passive-aggression (Slavik, Carlson, Sperry, 1998); borderline pathologies (Paris Braverman, 1995); bipolar disorders (Peven Schulman, 1998); feelings of insecurity, unfairness, depreciation, and powerlessness (Begin, Sabourin, Lussier, Wright, 1997); disagreeableness, emotional instability, inconsiderateness, and physical abuse (Botwin et al., 1997; Kosek, 1996; Shackelford Buss, 1997); depression (Cohan Bradbury, 1997; Davila Bradbury, 1997; Fals-Stewart, Birchler, Schafer, Lucente, 1994); neuroticism (Karney Bradbury, 1997; Russell Wells, 1994a ; Russell Wells, 1994b); tension, anxiety, worry, and suspicion (Craig Olson, 1995); hostility, defensiveness, and aggression (Heyman, OLeary, Jouriles, 1995; OLeary, Malone, Tyree, 1994; Newton, Kiecolt-Glaser, Glaser, Malarkey, 1995); and negative affectivity leading to negative attributions (Huston Vangelistic, 1991; Karney, Bradbury, Fincham, OSullivan, 1994). Individual personality traits have also been linked to couples relationship functioning for both men and women. Personality traits of neuroticism, anxiety, and emotional instability have been shown to impair relationship functioning and reduce relationship satisfaction (Watson Clark, 1984). Additionally, personality characteristics of agreeableness and expressiveness have been referred to as individual protective factors, which may enhance marital satisfaction (Bradbury, Campbell, Fincham, 1995). Communication and Marital Adjustment: Communication is necessary for human growth and development also it serves as the essential foundation for marital success and is the facilitating process for an enduring marriage that is satisfying (Robinson Blanton, 1993). Communication within relationships is an important factor, if there isnt communication the relationship suffers. The relationship between marital communication and adjustment is a strong one (Murphy Mendelson 2004). Gottman (1995) in his book indicated that communication could be both productive and destructive to relationships as unhappy couples tend to criticize, disagree, complain, put down, and use excuses and sarcasm. Unrewarding communication patterns lead to the development of relationship distress (Markman, 1979). In contrast, happy couples with marital stability and satisfaction are more likely to use active listening skills, agree, approve, assent, use laughter and humor (Fisher, Giblin, Hoopes, 1982) and possess character virtues of self-restraint, courage, and friendship (Fowers Olson, 1986). Gottman (1995) has suggested that satisfied couples maintain a five-to-one ratio of positive to negative exchanges in interactions Gender also plays an important role in couple communication as there are gender differences in verbal and nonverbal communication with men tending to be more dominant in their interactions and women being more submissive (Tannen, 1990). Emmers-Sommer (2004) studied the effect of communication quality and quantity indicators on satisfaction in relationships. A key term in the study was quality time; this refers to focused, uninterrupted time spent with children, partners, friends, and significant others. Another key term used in the study was quantity time; this refers to frequency of communication or contact. For individuals to reach relationship satisfaction they have to examine the quantity and quality of their disclosures with their partners. Emmers-Sommer (2004) found that quality of communication predicts both relationship satisfaction and intimacy. The quantity of communication, however, was not a predictor for relationship satisfaction. Concealment/Non- disclosure and marital adjustment: Disclosure  as a phenomenon was first investigated by Sidney Jourard (1971). The process was originally defined as telling others about the self. Rosenfeld (1979) explained self-disclosure as the personal information of self that is only available from himself and is not available from other sources. Jorgensen Gaudy (1980) defines self disclosure as: A process by which a marriage partner ex- presses feelings, perceptions, fears, and doubts of the inner self to the other partner, allowing relatively private and personal information to surface in the relationship that normally would not be revealed in the course of day-to-day interaction. The word conceal has been originated from the Latin work Concelare , celare means to hide. Merriam Webster defines concealment as  to prevent disclosure or recognition. Concealment is the activity of hiding information and keeping secrets from other people. Larson and Chastain (1990) explained self concealed personal information as firstly, a subset of private personal information, secondly, it is accessible only to the individual and thirdly it is actively kept from the awareness of others. Thus, self-concealment involves the conscious concealment of private information like feelings, thoughts, actions or events that one perceives as highly intimate, distressing or negative. Even though concealment and disclosure seem the same, there is some difference between self-disclosure and self-concealment. According to Larson and Chastain 1990 the act of revealing personal information is self- disclosure whereas the act of concealing personal information is self-concealment. They argued that self-concealment and self-disclosure are two separate and distinct constructs even though they are related. Effects of concealment/non-disclosure on marital adjustment Feelings of Exclusion People usually resent it when they perceive that another person is keeping secrets from them. The general reaction towards concealment is that of exclusion since in that persons view his right to know is being violated. This level or degree of exclusion felt by a person is higher when these persons are in a close and intimate relationship (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009). Marital relationships are composed of trust, and sharing of intimate thoughts and feelings. They are built upon trust and sharing and they get stronger from these things. Therefore the quality of relationship is influenced adversely when there is a perception of concealment from partner. The perception of concealment effects on relationship quality, the person feels rejected or excluded (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009). The exclusion that is communicated by concealment can be assumed to violate almost all features and values commonly associated with close relationships, including trust, caring, honesty, friendship, companionship, unconditional acceptance, and respect (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009). Psychological effects To keep secrets or deliberately conceal information from others seems to be part of normal development. Even though every person has secrets they can sometimes be a burden. There are different types of secrets people keep like having cheated on an exam, having a disease, sexual orientation or having been sexually molested as a child. Most of these secrets involve stigmatizing or negative information that usually involves the secret keepers themselves. People who conceal negative or distressing information of self from others as compared to the ones who do not, are more depressed, anxious, shy and have low self-esteem.(Kelly, Klusas, Weiss Kenny, 2001) Effects of Disclosure on marital adjustment Self-disclosure and liking The earliest work done on the relationship between disclosure and liking was by Jourard (1959) who found a positive association between liking the other person and disclosing to that person in a sample of nursing students and faculty. A number of studies have been done on this relationship and confirmed that we disclose more to people whom we like. (e.g., Certner,1973, Fitzgerald, 1963; Worthy, Gary, Kahn, 1969) and also we tend to like the people who disclose personal information to us (e.g., Archer, Berg, Runge, 1980; Daher Banikiotes, 1976;Taylor, Gould, Brounstein, 1981). Self-Disclosure and psychological well-being Most of the studies done on the relationship between concealment and psychological well-being have shown the same results which are that higher levels of disclosure are associated with psychological wellbeing and lower levels of disclosure are associated with poorer mental health. Disclosing distressing information helps with the psychological well-being and not disclosing leads to poorer mental health. It is thought that disclosing distressing information helps psychological well-being by reducing the stress of keeping the information to oneself (Ichiyama et al 1993; Cramer, 1999; Barry and Mizrahi, 2005; Hook and Andrews, 2005; Kahn et al 2002). Gender differences and concealment: Concealment is behavior that is more common in males. On the other hand previous studies indicate that females are usually more willing to disclose distressing or personal information. Traditionally, discussing personal problems is a behavior that is considered more appropriate for females than for males (Kahn and Hessling, 2001). Among men, asking for help when faced with psychological problems is often perceived as a weakness (Jourard and Lasakow, 1958; West, 1970; Jourard, 1971; Cozby, 1973; Kelly and Achter, 1995; Kahn and Hessling, 2001). Moreover, traditional sex-role stereotypes suggest that females are more skillful in communicating and also are more concerned with issues of intimacy than are men. So an intimate disclosure by a man may be seen as less appropriate than a similar disclosure by a woman (Collins Miller 1994). All in all men who disclose are generally viewed as maladjusted whereas women who do not disclose may be viewed as maladjusted. (Collins Miller 1994). Age and tendencies towards disclosure/ non-concealment and in terms of age it has been found that young people are more likely to disclose than older people. (Jourard, 1971; Hook and Andrews, 2005). Literature Review: Labels such as satisfaction, adjustment, success, happiness, and quality have all been used in describing the quality of marriage (Fincham, Beach, Kemp-Fincham, 1997) Theories on marital adjustment and disclosure Social penetration theory: Many studies have dealt with self disclosure. One main theory that was a framework for the study is Social Penetration Theory (Altman Taylor, 1987). This theory was a model for the study because it looks at self disclosure as both the depth and the breadth. In this study the depth of self disclosure is an important factor when reaching satisfaction in relationships. Altman and Taylor use an onion as a metaphor for relationship development. They suggest that the onion represents the breadth and depth of self disclosures. On the outer layer of the onion individuals have the breadth of disclosures: a broad aspect of a person such as their tastes, worldview, and studies. As individuals go deeper into the onion, they get to the depth of disclosures meaning they get more detail on aspects of an individual. This represents the degree of a persons disclosure. The main route to deep social penetration is through individuals disclosures. The depth of penetration would represent the degree of personal disclosure. Altman and Taylor (1987) suggest the depth of penetration into the onion model is the degree of intimacy. This study examines the depth of penetration, breadth is equally important in relationships. This theory supports the idea that people who have a high level of depth in their disclosure will be more satisfied in romantic relationships. This theory does not examine the amount of self disclosure as it does the depth of self disclosure. Three competing models of marital disclosure and satisfaction Jorgensen Gaudy (1980) gave models for marital disclosure and satisfaction and according to Spanier (1976) marital satisfaction is a sub category of marital adjustment. According to the linear model of marital relationship, there exists a positive, linear relationship between marital disclosure and marital satisfaction. Marital relationship is characterized by factors like intimacy, trust and caring. Marital disclosure positively impacts these factors and therefore presence of these factors in a marital relationship systematically increase the level of marital satisfaction. Therefore, this model suggests that higher the level of marital disclosure greater will be the marital satisfaction and vice versa. The curvilinear model as opposed to the linear model suggests that a satisfying marital relationship exists only with medium levels of self disclosure. When self disclosure falls on the high or low end of the continuum of self disclosure, marital satisfaction will decrease. This means that too lack of self disclosure is not the only factor that results in low marital satisfaction. Extensive self disclosure might be perceived as nagging or too much complaining which might raise negative feelings of hostility in the spouse which in turn will decrease the marital satisfaction. Hence, according to this model moderate levels of self disclosure are characterized as a key factor in achieving high marital satisfaction. John Gottmans (1999) scientifically validated theory of marriage, based on 25 years of longitudinal research, is one of the leading theories in the study of marital satisfaction. Gottmans theory (1999) states that positive interaction and friendship is the key to marital satisfaction and the prediction of marital stability over time. According to Gottman (1999), a ratio of 5:1 positive to negative interactions is necessary for marital stability. Gottman defines marital stability as a satisfying marital relationship that is not disrupted by separation or divorce. He states, The most important finding was that more positive affect was the only variable that predicted both marital stability and happiness (p. 21). In Gottmans theory (1999), there is a process of what he calls sentiment override in couples. He states, Sentiment override can be either positive or negative. Negative sentiment override means that people have a chip on their shoulder. These types of partners are hypervigilant, looking for slights or attacks by their partner. Positive sentiment override means that even negativity by the partner is interpreted as informative rather than as a personal attack (p. 164). Positive sentiment override creates a milieu in which the partners are more tolerant and accepting of each other, while negative sentiment override creates a set of expectations that ones spouse will behave negatively. Similarly, OLeary and Smith (1991) refer to this phenomenon as cognitive attributional correlates of marital satisfaction. These authors state that distressed couples are less likely to objectively interpret positive behaviors from their spouses as positive and more likely to interpret the intent of their spouses statements more negatively than they were meant to be. Compared to non-distressed couples, dissatisfied spouses make attributions that cast their partners behavior in a negative light and these attributions in turn negatively influence marital satisfaction (Bradbury Fincham, 1990). In summary, according to Gottman (1999) as well as OLeary and Smith (1991) it is not what happens in the marriage, but how the partners perceive and define what has happened that is critical. Gottman posits that 69% of couples problems will be what he calls, perpetual problems, meaning largely unresolvable. He has found that in the case of the perpetual problems, it is important for couples to establish a dialogue, as opposed to a solution in these instances. When couples cannot dialogue about these issues, they often become gridlocked, where each partner becomes frustrated and eventually emotionally disengaged. The role of communication therefore plays an important role in marital satisfaction. Studies examining marital satisfaction vary in design, measurement, and outcomes, leading to a number of explanations accounting for marital satisfaction (Gottman, 1999). Perception of concealment has an adverse effect on marital relationships. Some researches have been carried out related to this issue. In a longitudinal study it was studied how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. The research showed that people in marital relationships who perceive their partner to be concealing information from them had poor relationships, mistrust and conflict between them. In the study it was also discussed that people who conceal information also perceive that the other person is concealing information from them. Perceiving concealment may give the other partner the impression that he/she is not desirable or cannot be trusted; it gives the other person the feelings of being excluded. And the feeling of exclusion may result in feelings of separation or estrangement which may result in marital conflict (Finkenauer et al., 2009). Another study conducted in Belgium has investigated disclosure and secrecy in close, long-term relationships. It showed in the study that secrecy contributed a lot to marital dissatisfaction. The study explains how a person who has a secret avoids a difficult topic rather than facing it to avoid conflict, while the other partner perceives the secrecy as a sign of suspicion, which contributes negatively to marital satisfaction. Another point in the study was that people trying to hide something on the way feel that they have to put on a mask for the other person so he/she doesnt get to know their secret; they have to pretend which may lead to less intimacy and closeness. People who felt comfortable with sharing their emotions and were able to talk about matters were more satisfied with their relationship. One of the questionnaires used to test their study was the Larson and Chastains (1990) Self- Concealment Scale (Finkenauer Hazam, 2000). Low expressiveness leads to dissatisfaction in a marital relationship. Miller et al. (2003) argued that expressive people are less likely to suffer decline in marital satisfaction. They found that spouses expressiveness was positively related to their own and partners affectionate behaviors and this affectionate behavior was in turn related with marital satisfaction. Expressiveness is positively associated with peoples perception of their partners responsiveness. Davidson, Balswick Halverson (1983) did a study on the Affective Self-Disclosure and Marital Adjustment. It was based upon 162 married couples. The study explains that the greater is the discrepancy in partners affective self-disclosure, the lesser is the individuals marital adjustment. READ WHOLE PAPER AND WRITE. Sprecher and Hendrick (2004) examined the relationship between self-disclosure and relationship quality and found a positive relationship between disclosure and relationship quality. Self-disclosure is an indicator of satisfaction in romantic relationships. Levesque, Steciuk, and Ledley (2002) studied how self-disclosure relates to the development of personal relationships, relational intimacy, and relationship dissolution. The results showed that perceived intimacy was strongly associated with level of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure was found to be strongly reciprocal. Levesque et al. 2002 found that the level of self-disclosure strongly influences individual differences between disclosers. HANSEN E.J SCHULDT J.W (1984) did a study on marital self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. The sample for the study was on a sample of 50 married couples of mean age 25 years and mean length of marriage was 3.18 years and mean education was 15 years. Scales used for measuring the variables were Jourards self disclosure questionnaire( jourard and Lasakow, 1958) and Spaniers (1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale. the results of the study showed that wifes disclosure to husband was positively related to husbands marital satisfaction and husbands disclosure to wife was also positively related to husbands marital satisfaction. One predictor that may have particular importance to marital satisfaction is gender roles. According to Kurdek (2005) there are two classes of theories that explain the position about how men and women experience close relationships in different ways. the first class, that is the biological, posits that males and females in a relationship process events differently at the cardiovascular, endocrinological, immunological, neurosensory, and neurophysiological levels. For example Kiecolt-Glaser Newton (2001) in their research reviewed evidence showing that men are more physiologically sensitive to acute stressors than women and women showed stronger and more durable physiological changes than men in marital conflict. The other class that is the class of social psychological theories posits that both genders differ in ways that are directly relevant to relationship functioning like the structure and content of how the self is constructed, personality traits and socialized roles. The other class that is the class of social psychological theories posits that both genders differ in ways that are directly relevant to relationship functioning like the structure and content of how the self is constructed, personality traits and socialized roles. Other research has also substantiated that marriage disproportionately benefits men, with husbands reporting higher levels of marital satisfaction and well-being than their wives (Bird Fremont, 1991; McRae Brody, 1989; Schumm, Webb, Bollman, 1998). Gender is defined as the socially determined role of an individual that is ascribed as a result of his or her sex (Juni Grimm, 1994). Gender roles influence men and women in every aspect of their lives and relationships (Knox Schacht, 2000). Demographic characteristics including age, race, income, education, length of marriage, and religiosity, have been linked to marital satisfaction and marital conflict (Knox Schacht, 2000). Based on Gottmans (1999) research, length of marriage is also a significant predictor for marital satisfaction and marital conflict. He identifies two critical time periods of vulnerability in the marital trajectory, with the majority of couples divorcing within the first seven years of marriage. Couples who divorce within the first seven years of marriage have relationships characterized by having high levels of marital conflict. Conversely, a second vulnerable time period for the marital trajectory is 16 to 24 years of marriage. This is the next most likely time frame for couples to divorce. These relationships are characterized by spending little time together, lack of communication, and a lack of conflict expression. Gottman (1999) refers to these couples as two ships passing in the night.